因信称义是新教神学的基本原则，但天主教指控这一原则否定了善行的价值与意义，必将带来信徒的放纵与败坏。为坚持新教神学的基本立场，并恰当地说明善行的必要性，加尔文必须明确给出称义与成圣的界定，并在称义与成圣之间建立联系。对此，加尔文一方面抽空了称义的内在性维度，赋予了称义以纯粹的外在性，将成圣与称义彻底地区分开来，否认二者间存在因果关系，另一方面又认为人自身不具备内在的成圣的能力，人的改恶向善、行善以及在善的道路上坚忍到底都依赖于圣灵的力量。在此基础上，加尔文认为称义与成圣是基督相互区别但又不可分离的双重恩典，赋予了称义与成圣一种虽紧密但又外在的联系。称义与成圣间的这种“怪异”关系，建立在“与基督的联合”的基础之上。在加尔文看来，与基督的联合意味着基督与信徒间的治理与被治理的关系，称义与成圣正是基督治理的表现。对加尔文来说，人与基督的联合是一种外在的联合，基督对人的影响也是一种外在的治理。加尔文否认人与基督存在某种本体性的关联，否认称义的义是一种本体性的义。正是与基督联合的外在性，带来了称义与成圣之联系的外在性。透过加尔文对称义与成圣的教导，我们也可以进一步理解韦伯对加尔文主义的分析。加尔文对成圣的强调实际上给予了信徒通过自己的努力来“创造自己的救赎”的可能性。在这一方面，加尔文与路德呈现出较大的差异。

Justification by faith is a fundamental principle of Protestant theology, but the Catholic Church charges that this principle denies the value and significance of good works and will inevitably lead to the perversion and corruption of believers. In order to maintain the basic position of Protestant theology and properly explain the necessity of good works, Calvin must establish and define a clear connection between justification and sanctification. To this, Calvin, on the one hand, evacuates the interior dimension of justification, replacing it with pure exteriority, which results in an exhaustive distinction between justification and sanctification and denial of the causal relationship between them, and on the other hand, he refuses that one owns intrinsic ability towards holiness—the turn from evil to good, good works and the perseverance of them, all depend on the power of the Holy Spirit. Based on this, Calvin believes that justification and sanctification are distinct but inseparable twofold graces of Christ, which gives a close but external connection between justification and sanctification. This "strange" relationship between justification and sanctification is based on the "union with Christ". In Calvin's view, union with Christ means the governing-governed relationship between Christ and the believer, and justification and sanctification are the manifestations of Christ's governance. For Calvin, the union of man with Christ is an exterior union, and the influence of Christ on man is an exterior governance. Calvin denies the somewhat ontological connection between man and Christ and the ontological righteousness in justification. It is the exteriority of union with Christ that brings about the externality of the connection between justification and sanctification. Through these teaching, we can also further understand Weber's analysis of Calvinism. Calvin's emphasis on sanctification actually gives believers the possibility to "create their own salvation" through their own efforts. In this respect, Calvin and Luther show a relatively great difference.

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