2023年10月7日，新一轮巴以冲突爆发，再次对中东地区和国际社会产生了巨大冲击。受内外因综合影响，持续一个多世纪之久的巴以问题错综复杂，破局道阻且艰。其中，宗教是一条理解巴以冲突的重要线索。巴以双方均有着浓厚的宗教传统，宗教因素直接作用于政治实践，影响领土归属、政治目标和武力手段的界定与合法化三方面。

巴以问题的实质是民族利益斗争，其核心是围绕耶路撒冷的领土主权争端。由于联合国决议、大国干预等历史原因以及耶路撒冷自身重要的军事战略和宗教神圣地位，耶城成为巴以双方的必争之地。圣地共享的现实与双方对“圣城唯一”的追求加剧了土地治权纷争，“土地换和平”策略愈加乏力，领土争端上升为宗教冲突。同时，宗教在以色列和巴勒斯坦的政治影响力不断加强。以色列方面，超正统派犹太人势力的增长推动了右翼政治联盟兴起，使以色列的政策变得强硬；巴勒斯坦方面，伊斯兰主义在中东的兴起促进了哈马斯的快速崛起，其激进的“圣战”手段取代巴勒斯坦民族解放运动（简称“法塔赫”）的温和手段，成为巴勒斯坦人民实现解放的主流方式。在此过程中，双方最初的世俗民族主义运动逐渐演变为宗教民族主义运动，利用宗教“神圣化”政治目标、“合理化”激进手段，使双方暴力冲突加剧，和平进程陷入困局。

然而，宗教的作用具有双重性。它既可以成为冲突的催化剂，也能成为和平的助推器。历史表明，长期的战争与流血并不能解决巴勒斯坦问题，和平谈判应当成为必然选择。犹太教和伊斯兰教作为同源的亚伯拉罕宗教，应当放大彼此的共同点，以文明共性跨越巴以冲突；国际层面，大国应当进一步发挥调节斡旋作用，避免“零和博弈”，只有这样才有永久解决巴以问题的可能。

On October 7, 2023, a new round of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict erupted, once again causing a significant impact on the Middle East and the international community. Affected by internal and external factors, the Israeli-Palestinian issue, which has lasted for more than a century, is complicated to resolve. Among them, religion is a crucial thread in understanding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Both sides have strong religious traditions, and religious factors directly affect political practice, by defining territorial ownership, political goals, and legitimizing military means.

The essence of the Israeli-Palestinian issue is the struggle for national interests, with the core being the territorial sovereignty dispute over Jerusalem. Due to historical reasons such as UN resolutions and interventions by major powers, as well as Jerusalem's own significant military strategic and religious sanctity, the city has become a contested land for both Israeli and Palestinian sides. The reality of sharing the holy land and the pursuit of "exclusive holy city" by both sides exacerbated the dispute over land governance. The "land for peace" strategy became increasingly ineffective, and territorial disputes escalated into religious conflicts. At the same time, the influence of religion has increased both in Israeli and Palestinian politics. In Israel, the growth of ultra-Orthodox Jews has promoted the emergence of right-wing political coalitions and hardened Israeli policies; in Palestine, the rise of Islamism in the Middle East facilitated the ascendance of Hamas, and its radical "jihad" approach has replaced the moderate approach of the Palestinian National Liberation Movement (Fatah) as the mainstream approach of the Palestinian people to achieve liberation. In this process, the initial secular nationalist movements of both sides have gradually evolved into religious nationalist movements, using religion to "sanctify" political objectives and "rationalize" radical means, intensifying violent conflicts and plunging the peace process into a stalemate.

However, the role of religion is dual. It can be both a catalyst for conflict and a booster of peace.  History has shown that long-term warfare and bloodshed cannot resolve the Palestinian issue, and peace negotiations should be the inevitable choice. Judaism and Islam, as Abrahamic religions with common origins, should enlarge their common ground and overcome the Israeli-Palestinian conflict with common civilization. On the international level, major powers should further play their roles of mediation and avoid "zero-sum game". Only in this way can there be a permanent solution to the Israeli-Palestinian issue.

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