摘要

禅净分合问题一直是佛学界的重要议题，如今寺院中，看似水火不容的禅净二宗正在呈现出逐步合流的趋势。促成禅净合流的因素有很多，其中南宋时期大慧宗杲禅师为拯救南禅顿教中狂禅、文字禅等流弊所创立的参话头禅法，是禅净合流的一大关键因素，这一点鲜为学界所注意。天津社科院耿静波先生独具慧眼，在禅宗史研究中发现参话头出现之后禅净合流的热潮，但其对于其原因的讨论却更多着眼于历史现象表面，未曾深入佛门义理，比较完善地解释为何参话头一法可以对禅净合流有如此大的推动作用。我个人认为禅净合流本质上是两宗对于自身特点的淡化与对传统佛教禅定解脱道路的回归。所以本文将首先讨论早期禅净二宗与传统佛教的分合，其次讨论参话头修习法对于南禅顿教的更改与对传统佛教的回归，最后探明禅净何以在参话头的推动下逐渐呈现合流之势。

The issue of the integration and separation of Chan and Pure Land Buddhism has always been a significant topic in the field of Buddhist studies. Nowadays, in temples, the two seemingly incompatible schools of Chan and Pure Land are showing a trend of gradual convergence. There are many factors contributing to this convergence, among which the method of "investigating the gongan" (a koan) created by the Chan master Dahui Zonggao in the Southern Song Dynasty to rectify the excesses of sudden enlightenment and literary Chan in the Southern Chan school is a key factor, which has not received much attention from the academic community. Mr. Geng Jingbo from the Tianjin Academy of Social Sciences had the insight to discover the upsurge of the convergence of Chan and Pure Land after the emergence of the "investigating the gongan" practice in his research on the history of Chan Buddhism. However, his discussion on the reasons for this phenomenon mainly focused on the surface of historical phenomena and did not delve deeply into the Buddhist doctrines to explain comprehensively why the "investigating the gongan" method could have such a significant promoting effect on the convergence of Chan and Pure Land. In my opinion, the convergence of Chan and Pure Land essentially represents the dilution of their own characteristics and a return to the traditional Buddhist path of meditation and liberation. Therefore, this article will first discuss the separation and integration of the early Chan and Pure Land schools and traditional Buddhism, then explore the changes brought about by the "investigating the gongan" practice to the Southern Chan school of sudden enlightenment and its return to traditional Buddhism, and finally clarify why Chan and Pure Land gradually converged under the impetus of the "investigating the gongan" method.

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